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Unit – I

• Forensic Science: Definition, History & Development, Scope, Ethics in Forensic Science
• Physical Evidence: Nature, Types, Search methods, Collection, Preservation, Packing & Forwarding of Physical & Trace evidence for forensic analyses, Chain of Custody
• Crime Scene: Nature, Types, Preservation of Scene of Crime
• Criminal Investigations: Unnatural deaths, Criminal assaults, Sexual offences, Poisoning, Vehicular accidents
• Courts: Types, powers and jurisdiction, Admissibility of evidence in Courts, Definition of Experts, Provisions in Cr.P.C.,1973 & Indian Evidence Act relating to experts & their reports; Court Procedures pertaining to Expert Testimony & Witness
• Organization of Forensic Science Laboratories of Centre and State, NCRB and NICFS
• Fundamental Rights: Right of Equality (Articles 14 to 18) and Right of Freedom (Articles 19 to 22) as per Constitution of India
• Criminal Profiling: Profile of victim and culprit, its role in crime investigation, Lie detection (Polygraphy), Narco analysis, Brain mapping, scope and limitations
• Concept of quality control management in Forensic institutions

Unit – II

• Microscopy: Polarizing, Comparison, Stereoscopic, Fluorescent and Electron Microscopes
• Spectrophotometry: UV, Visible, IR, Raman, Atomic absorption, Emission
• Neutron Activation Analysis
• X – rays and x-ray based techniques such as XRD, XRF
• Mass Spectroscopy
• Chromatographic Techniques: TLC, GLC, HPLC, HPTLC
• Hyphenated Techniques: GC-MS, LC-MS, IR-MS and ICP-MS
• Electrophoresis: High and Low voltage electrophoresis, Immunoelectrophoresis
• Immunoassays: Principle, Types, Techniques and applications

Unit – III

• Detection and Identification of Blood stains
• Determination of Species of Origin
• Blood Group Systems
• Techniques of Determination of Blood groups of Blood Stains
• Detection of Seminal and other body fluids and their Blood Grouping, Red cells Enzymes, Serum Proteins of forensic significance
• Disputed Paternity & Maternity
• DNA: Structure, DNA as genetic marker, DNA Extraction and Profiling Techniques
• DNA Phenotyping and RNA Profiling & their applications
• Wild life Forensics: Wild life (Protection) Act,1972, Scope, Evidences and Identification

Unit – IV

• Analysis of Ethyl alcohol in beverages, liquors, biological fluids and breath
• Analysis of Methanol and Denaturants
• Illicit liquors
• Analysis of Chemicals in Trap Cases
• Metabolism and Chemical examination of: Insecticides & Pesticides, Tranquillizers & Sedatives, Hypnotics Stimulants, Narcotics, Opiates, Drugs of abuse; Analyses of above and their Toxicity
• Plant poisons
• Metallic Poisons
• Extraction, Isolation & Clean-up procedures, Identification of common poisons from viscera, tissues and body fluids

Unit – V

• Fire arms: Types, Classification, Ammunition and their Compositions
• Forensic examination of Firearms, Ammunition, Firearms’ projectiles (Bullets, Shots, Slug etc.), Shell case
• Gunshot residues analysis
• Concept of Velocity, Penetration, Dispersion, Ricochet, Accidental Discharge, Determination of Range in firearm cases
• Examination of Country made firearms
• Basics of Internal, External and Terminal Ballistics
• Tool marks: Meaning, Types and Examination
• Restoration of Erased Markings on Metal Surfaces

Unit – VI

• Fire and Arson: Analyses of Petroleum Products and other incendiary materials
• Explosives: Definition, Types and Analyses
• Bombs: Country made bombs, Improvised Explosive Devices ( IEDs ) and their examination
• Investigation in Explosion and Arson related cases
• Photography: Types, application in criminal investigation & Forensic evidence examination
• Unit – VII
• Hair & Fibers: Nature, Types, Structure and Examination
• Pollens and Diatoms: Their application in Forensic investigation
• Dust & Soil: Nature, Types, Forensic Examination
• Paint, Lacquer & Varnishes: Nature, composition and forensic examination
• Glass: Composition, Types, Fractures, Examination
• Cement, Mortar and Concrete: General Composition, Forensic Analysis
• Computer Forensics: Introduction, Types of Computer crimes, Digital evidence- Seizure, Acquisition and Forensic examination
• Mobile Phone Forensics

Unit – VIII

• Fingerprints: History, Characteristics, Types, Classification, Preservation, Development, Lifting and Comparison, Examination of Chance Prints, Computerization of Fingerprints, AFIS
• Track Marks: Foot Prints, Shoe Prints, Tire Marks, Their Preservation & Casting, Comparison, Skid marks. Gait pattern
• Biometric Systems of Identification and its relevance
• Voice Analysis: Introduction, Significance, Structure of Human Voice apparatus, Voice spectrography, Voice analysis, Legal aspects and limitations

Unit – IX

• Documents: Definition, Types, Preliminary examination of documents
• Reproduction of documents through photographic and mechanical means and their examination
• Examination of Alterations such as Erasures, Obliterations & Additions
• Indentations, Secret writings and Charred documents
• Inks, Papers and their scientific examinations with modern methods
• Age of documents
• Examination of Typescripts, Printed matter including currency notes and lottery tickets. Mechanical impressions
• Hand writings: Class and Individual characteristics of Handwritings, Factors affecting handwritings, Standard samples for comparison, Comparison of hand-written texts
• Anonymous and disguised writings
• Identification of hand writings, signatures, detection of forged signature and forgeries
• Examination of Credit Cards and Similar materials

Unit –X

• Modes & Manner of deaths, Sexual offences and its medicolegal importance, Amendments in law related to sexual offences
• Post – mortem examination and Post – mortem changes, Estimation of time since death
• Injuries & Wounds: Types, Medicolegal importance, Gunshot wounds
• Determination of Species of Origin, Sex, Age, Stature, and individual identification through skeletal remains
• Identification through Skull superimposition and facial reconstruction
• Human dentition, Type of teeth, determination of Age, Bite marks
• Forensic Entomology: Introduction, Insects of forensic importance, Insects on Carrion, Forensic applications

Ref.: ugcnetonline.in

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